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''Personality'' is the consistent patterns in cognitive and behavioral traits, such as affect, cognition, and behavior. These traits are measurable, are found in a broad array of species, and are commonly transferable among species (Gosling, 2008). :“Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole” - American Psychological Association.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Personality )〕 The APA definition for personality includes all animals, and is not exclusive to humans. A Person, being the root word of personality, is not limited, in its most basic definition, to being a human. Rather, a person is the combination of traits that describe a specific personality or self. Most all animals can have a personality, even insects have been known to exhibit a persona. Samuel D Gosling describes two fruit flies in the beginning of his article “Personality in Non-human Animals”. Frank, an aggressive fruit fly, pushes, punches, and kicks other fruit flies, whereas Fred, a more timid fruit fly, is less aggressive.〔Edwards, A. C., Rollmann, S. M., Morgan, T. J., & Mackay, T. F. C. (2006). Quantitative genomics of aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genetics, 2: e154. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020154〕 Gosling also describes Terry and Tim, two trout, differing in boldness in the context of hunting for things to eat.〔Wilson, A. D. M., & Stevens, E. D. (2005). Consistency in context-specific measures of shyness and boldness in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ethology, 111, 849–862.〕 Unlike Tim, Terry is unafraid of new areas and potential predators. Tim avoids new feeding areas and hunts for food in known safe locations. It is important to note that the personality of an animal is observed in its consistency of an individuals behavior differing from other animals of the same species. There are also personality norms through the species, often found between genders (Gosling, Samuel, 2008). The diversity of animal personality can be compared in cross-species studies in order to demonstrate how pervasive it has been to the evolutionary prosses of animals. Cross-species studies can also provide evidence for the historical genetic similarities of species. ==Five Factor Model== The Five Factor Model, or The Big Five Personalities can be used to assign personality archetypes to most animals . The 5 categories for the five factor model for personality are Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each of these categories identifies a fraction of a beings personality. Because the assessment of personality using the five factor model for personalities is often a self reported measure for humans, applying this model to animals can be difficult to standardize. Researchers often measure personality by assessing the behavior of the being over a period of time to establish the pattern. Naturally, some animals may not have as wide a range of personality as humans do. The species of the animal determines how the personality manifests itself. Likewise, a species may be predisposed to exhibit a category of personality more than other categories. So far, Chimpanzees are the only animal that exhibits conscientiousness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Personality in animals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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